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Mainly Neat Stuff --> Vintage Networking --> Old Macintosh System Software and TCP/IP

Mac System Software Primer

This document describes what software you need to install to use TCP/IP on a Mac. The guide covers System 6 through to Mac OS 9.x. It includes specific information on configuring MacTCP. Information provided here does not apply to Mac OS X.

You may find it helpful to refer to two other guides.

Old Macintosh Networking Primer describes the components that make up an ethernet network and some TCP/IP basics.

Sharing Your Internet Connection with an Older Mac describes how you might access the internet using your existing dial-up or broadband connection.

System 6 Users

Macs running System 6 should be upgraded to 6.0.7 or 6.0.8 to get the most out of internet applications. All System 6 Macs use the MacTCP control panel and cannot use Open Transport. MacTCP does not work with systems older than System 6.

If you intend connecting a System 6 Mac via a dial-up internet conenction, take a look at my guide Internet Access with System 6. The guide also provides some useful general tips about MacTCP.

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System 6 does not include drivers for any ethernet cards. Drivers for older PDS and NuBus ethernet cards from Apple (and clones) are included in the Network Software Installer 1.4.5 or 1.4.4 from the links below. This software installs hardware drivers and updates support for AppleTalk networking.

If your system software is not US English, check for suitable national language software at: http://download.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/MultiCountry/

System 6 drivers are available for some but not all third party ethernet cards. As a starting point to locate drivers, try the Mac Driver Museum at http://host59.ipowerweb.com/~macdrive/.

Always install drivers for your ethernet card (if you are using one) before installing the MacTCP control panel.

System 7.0 to 7.6.1

Depending on the model, Macs running System 7.x may run 'Classic Networking' (a generic description for MacTCP and AppleTalk) or Open Transport. 'Classic networking' has nothing to do with Mac OS X Classic mode.

Macs with a PCI expansion bus can only use Open Transport.

Apple dropped Open Transport (OT) support for Macs running Mac OS 7.0 before OT 1.1.1, the first reliable version of OT. Upgrade to System 7.1 if you really need Open Transport.

For System 7.0 and 7.1, you should install drivers for Apple ethernet cards (and clones) and update support for AppleTalk networking using the Network Software Installer 1.5.1 from:

If your system software is not US English, check for suitable national language software at: http://download.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/MultiCountry/

System 7.5 onwards includes ethernet drivers for Apple cards, Apple-compatible third party cards (eg Sonic) and other cards (eg Asante). It is recommended that you install the drivers provided by the card manufacturer as these may enable features such as a larger cache that are not present on Apple cards. As a starting point to locate drivers, try the Mac Driver Museum at http://host59.ipowerweb.com/~macdrive/.

Always install drivers for your ethernet card (if you are using one) before installing the MacTCP control panel or Open Transport 1.1.1.

Mac OS 8.0 to 9.2.2

From Mac OS 8.0, Open Transport is built-in to the operating system. Some 'Road Apples' such as the 5200 may not be able to run Mac OS 8 without a ROM upgrade; the Mac OS installer CD includes a utility to check whether it can be installed.

The version of OT that is supplied with Mac OS 8.0 onwards is more robust than older versions. However it is always worth checking to see if there is a potential upgrade for the version of Mac OS that you run (check the ReadMe with the relevant upgrade).

'Classic Networking'

'Classic Networking' refers to the software that precedes Open Transport. It comprises the MacTCP control panel (for TCP/IP) and the classic AppleTalk components. Updates for the classic AppleTalk components are provided on Apple's 'Network Software Installer' disks. MacTCP 2.0.6 is available for download separately.

Open Transport

Open Transport (OT) is the most recent and familiar networking software for pre-OS X Macs; it includes both TCP/IP and AppleTalk components. OT runs on Macs running System 7.1 or higher with a 68030 processor; for older Macs (eg LCIIs, Mac II series, first generation PowerMacs), OT is optional but it is mandatory on any Mac with a PCI bus. The OT installer requires a built-in 68030 processor and will not install on a 68000 or 68020 Mac with a third party 68030 accelerator; if you can fool the installer to run, OT itself may work.

Realistically, OT requires a fast 68030 processor and at least 8Mb RAM. For a Mac running System 7.6.1 or earlier, upgrade to OT 1.1.2 or 1.1.1 whenever possible.

No name yet mac os. Some Macintosh models from the 5200, 5300, 6200 and 6300 families may not be able to run later versions of Open Transport. More information is available in the Open Transport 1.1.2 Read Me files

Note that the installer for OT 1.1.2 provided by Apple is an updater that requires that OT is already installed on your Mac. The recommended procedure is to install OT 1.1.1 before running the OT 1.1.2 updater.

Versions of the Mac OS after 7.6.1 incorporate a later version of OT. These versions of OT cannot be installed on older versions of Mac OS.

Initial releases of OT had lots of problems with DHCP so use OT 1.1.1 or later whenever possible. If you are forced to use an older version of OT, you should configure the TCP/IP control panel manually to include the gateway address and DNS server addresses.

When OT is installed on an older Mac that supports 'Classic Networking', a utility called 'Network Software Selector' is provided. This allows you to switch between the two networking types. If you've just installed OT and can't see the 'AppleTalk' and 'TCP/IP' control panels, run the utility.

99% of applications that were designed to run on MacTCP will happily work with Open Transport. One exception that comes to mind is White Pine's eXodus X11 server.

Checking for OT

  • If your Mac has a control panel called 'Network', you are running 'Classic Networking'.
  • If your Mac has two control panels called 'AppleTalk' and 'TCP/IP', you are running OT.
  • If you have a Mac that is capable of running 'Classic' and OT, look for the 'Network Software Selector' utility.

Checking the Version of OT

  1. Run the TCP/IP control panel.
  2. From the File menu, select Get info.
  3. If you are running a recent version of OT, it will display the version of OT and the ethernet MAC address.

Configuring TCP/IP on Open Transport

The TCP/IP control panel is relatively straightforward to configure and there are many existing guides (see Google search results). OT 1.1.1 or later should work without problems but earlier versions are best avoided.

DHCP automatic addressing may be problem with older OT versions and you may need to configure the TCP/IP control panel manually to include the gateway address and DNS server addresses. To over ride settings applied by DHCP, select User Mode from the Edit menu and set the User Mode to Advanced. You will then be able to edit fields in the TCP/IP control panel.

MacTCP

MacTCP is the only option for 68000 and 68020 Macs (SE, Plus, Classic I, LC, original Mac II etc) and for low spec 68030 Macs. MacTCP was designed to work with the Mac Plus onwards so it will not work with a Mac 128 or 512; it *may* work with a Mac 512Ke.

Many people choose to use OT on 68030 Macs and higher because it is easier to configure than MacTCP. This is certainly true if you are using a PPP dial-up connection but if you are happy to do a bit of tinkering, MacTCP is a potentially faster and less memory hungry option.

MacTCP cannot obtain an IP address from a DHCP server; the options for automatic addressing will only work if your network provides a RARP or BootP address server. Automatic addressing works with dial-up networking using MacPPP.

Configuring MacTCP 2.0.6:

To use a shared connection with MacTCP, the easiest solution is to configure a fixed IP address manually. The instructions below assume that you are using a Class C IP address with Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0.

  1. When you open the MacTCP control panel you will see two icons in the top pane labelled EtherTalk and Ethernet. The EtherTalk icon is used for configuring MacIP (TCP/IP over AppleTalk) which you almost certainly don't want to do.
  2. Select the icon labelled Ethernet. Press the More button.
  3. In the Obtain Address pane, select Manually.
  4. In the Routing Information pane, type in your network's Gateway Address (eg the IP address of your network router).
  5. In the IP Address pane, set the Class to C and confirm the Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0.
  6. In the Domain Name Server pane, type a . (period or full stop) in the Domain field. In the IP Address field, enter the address for your ISP's DNS server. Repeat for each DNS server provided by your ISP. Select a Default server.
  7. Check the details and press the OK button.
  8. Type the IP address that you have assigned to the Mac in the IP Address field.
  9. Close the MacTCP control panel and restart the Macintosh.

Whenever reinstalling or reconfiguring MacTCP, delete the files MacTCP Prep and MacTCP DNR from your system folder first. Don't forget to reserve the fixed IP address so that it is not allocated to another Mac if you are using a DHCP server.

The final official release of MacTCP is 2.0.6 which is available from Apple's MacTCP software developers' kit at:

ftp://ftp.apple.com/devworld/Development_Kits/MacTCP.sit.hqx.

MacTCP 2.1 is the latest unofficial update from a New Zealand developer, Glenn Anderson. MacTCP 2.1 may be required for some ISPs (see the University of Oregon description of this problem). You will need a clean, unused copy of the MacTCP 2.0.6 control panel that you can patch to version 2.1. MacTCP 2.1 has a simpler user interface.

Some Software Recommendations

Your mileage may vary..

System 6: You must use MacTCP. If running System 6 and MacTCP 2.0.6, System 6.0.7 or higher is recommended.

68000 and 68020 Macs: You must use MacTCP. MacTCP will work fine for you using System 6 through to 7.5.5.

68030 Macs: Don't try OT unless you have at least 8Mb RAM.

LCII, Classic II: OT not recommended.

SE/30, IIx, IIcx, IIvi, IIvx: Marginal. OT works better on accelerated models.

IIci, LCIII, IIfx: Probably the oldest models on which it is diffcult to measure a difference between MacTCP and OT.

68040 and PowerMacs: Use OT unless you're feeling particularly perverse.

Dial-up Connection Software

The three most popular PPP dial-up packages for older Macs are described briefly below. A web search on any will throw up loads of configuration information.

MacPPP

My guide to Internet Access with System 6 describes how to configure MacPPP 2.0.1. This configuration will work reliably with Macs running System 6, System 7.0 and System 7.1. MacPPP is usually the best choice for Macs running MacTCP.

MacPPP with MacTCP 2.0.6 can be downloaded from http://www.jagshouse.com/software/MacPPP.sit.hqx.

FreePPP

FreePPP is based on MacPPP. It works with MacTCP and Open Transport. Apparently the company behind the product still exists but their web pages are unreadable.

Open Transport PPP (OT/PPP)

OT/PPP works with Open Transport 1.1.1 onwards (not MacTCP) and is widely considered the best PPP choice for Macs running OT. It was shipped with MacOS from Mac OS 7.6 before being integrated with the rest of the operating system. For pre-Mac OS 7.6 Macs, it can be downloaded directly from Apple:

If your system software is not US English, check for suitable national language software at: http://download.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/MultiCountry/

Ethernet Cards and Drivers

If you are using a card that was not made by Apple, install the specific drivers supplied by the manufacturer whenever possible. If you have an old AppleShare server (eg a System 7 or Mac OS 9 Mac with file sharing enabled) on your network, test that the card and drivers work by connecting to it using the AppleTalk protocol. Mac OS X file sharing uses AppleShare-IP (AppleTalk routed over the TCP/IP protocol) and is not a reliable test.

Whenever possible, you should test your ethernet card for AppleTalk connectivity. AppleTalk is the native network protocol for olde Macs and it should work automatically. It is much easier to debug or resolve TCP/IP problems if you know that the ethernet card and drivers work corectly by tesing AppleTalk connectivity first.

As a starting point to locate ethernet drivers, try the Mac Driver Museum at http://host59.ipowerweb.com/~macdrive/.

Useful Mac TCP/IP Tools

The standard Mac OS (pre OS X) does not include any useful tools for checking an IP connection. However there are many freeware or shareware tools that you can download (see links below) to help resolve any problems.

If you have an old AppleShare server (eg a System 7 or Mac OS 9 Mac with file sharing enabled) on your network, test that the card and drivers work by connecting to it using the AppleTalk protocol. Mac OS X file sharing uses AppleShare-IP (AppleTalk routed over the TCP/IP protocol) and is not a reliable test. This will confirm that your ethernet drivers are correctly installed.

The most useful tool for testing IP connections is Ping; testing an IP connection using a web or mail application is not an effective approach. Run the tests from the old Mac (ie the one with a questionable TCP/IP connection) and try to ping another Mac with a working TCP/IP connection. Run through the following tests in order:

  1. Ping a computer on your local network. The most obvious computer to try is the system which provides the local IP gateway. If you can't ping the gateway, possible reasons are that two computers on your network have the same IP address or that MacTCP/OT is incorrectly configured/installed.
  2. Ping a computer on your ISP's network. First try the ISP's gateway server address and then your ISP's DNS servers. Always try to ping the numeric IP address, not the target's DNS name. Unfortunately some NAT servers do not respond to Ping requests so your results may be inconclusive -- check the documentation for your ISP and your NAT server (if you use one). Repeat the test from a Mac with a confirmed internet connection; if you can't ping your ISP, assume that MacTCP/OT is incorrectly configured/installed.
  3. Ping a computer on your ISP's network using its DNS name (eg www.my-isp.com). If this fails, MacTCP/OT is unable to resolve IP addresses from your ISP's DNS servers. Try manually configuring the DNS server addresses in MacTCP/OT.
  4. Ping a computer on the internet outside your ISP (eg www.sun.com). If this works, you have full connectivity to the internet.

Using Ping with an Older Mac

Macs using MacTCP or Open Transport with the default settings do not load the TCP/IP protocol on startup. TCP/IP is only loaded into memory when an application that uses TCP/IP is run. The Mac will only respond to a ping request if you have already run an application that uses TCP/IP.

If you are testing the TCP/IP connection of a Mac running MacTCP, run the ping application on that Mac.

If you are testing the TCP/IP connection of a Mac running Open Transport, you can set TCP/IP to be 'always on'. Select User Mode from the Edit menu and set the User Mode to Advanced. An Options button will be displayed on the main configuration dialog. Press the button and uncheck the option Load only when needed. Alternatively run the ping application on that Mac.

TCP/IP Utility Software

A reliable source of links to TCP/IP software can be found at http://www.macorchard.com/. The utilities below are for use with System 7 through to 9.x.

Retro

MacTCP Ping is Apple's ping tool for older Macs that works with MacTCP and Open Transport.

Network Toolbox from Black Cat Systems is great collection of tools for older Power Macs.

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IPNetMonitor provides another good collection of tools that will run on a 68K Mac with System 7.5.3.

WhatRoute runs on 68K and PPC Macs and includes ping, traceroute and Telnet server utilities.

TCP/IP Application Software

A reliable source of links to TCP/IP software can be found at http://www.macorchard.com/.

the pickle's Low-End Mac FAQ (http://macfaq.org/index.shtml) has a review of browsers that work on older Macs.

A list of SSH clients for the Mac can be found at http://www.openssh.com/macos.html.

Copyright information: If you wish to use any images on these pages, please contact the author, Phil Beesley on beesley@mandrake.demon.co.uk.

Mac Os Mojave

First, Apple provides many downloads of old software in their official Apple Support Downloads page. Obviously, this only includes Apple applications, but if you’re searching for older versions of iMovie, Pages, Keynote, the iLife Suite, older Mac OS X system updates, firmware upgrades and security updates, older versions of iTunes and QuickTime and similar Apple programs and software, it is a wonderful place to start.

The Apple Support Downloads page is most useful for finding software for newer older Macs, especially anything that’s running a version of Mac OS X, even if it’s no longer a verified or upgraded system software release, such as for Macs running Mac OS X Tiger 10.4 or Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5.

If you’re trying to extend the life span of such a Mac, the official Apple Support Downloads page can be very useful and give you older versions of iTunes, Safari, iLife, and more. Consider looking there first, there is a lot available! Just search for programs, system upgrades, and software packages by name.

Where to Find & Download Much Older Mac OS Software for Classic Mac OS, PowerPC, 040, etc

What about locating much older Mac OS software? Say, Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 system software, or System 7.5.2 and System 7.6.1? And what about apps for those much older Mac OS Classic system software releases for older PowerPC, 68040, and 68030 processors?

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The following links may be helpful for that purpose, though keep in mind all of these are not officially supported by anyone, they are not sanctioned by Apple or any other developer, and most of the links are to what is considered abandonware software – meaning it’s old, no longer updated, or supported. Vegas world online casino games. But these type of resources are excellent for working with much older Macintosh computers, whether it’s an original Bondi Blue iMac, a G4 Cube, a Macintosh SE/30, Performa 6220, iBook, PowerBook 2400, or the whole array of pre-Intel Mac computers.

These links can also be helpful if you’re a retro emulator fan and you’re wanting to acquire a particular software package or library for local emulation, for example, you can use Mini vMac emulator to run System 7 and have an entire old Mac system installation right on top of your existing modern MacOS, or you can use third-party tools like Basilisk or SheepShaver for emulation on modern Macs too. But if you don’t want to commit to local emulation, you can also run Hypercard in retro Mac OS System in a web browser or run a web browser based Mac Plus emulator with Mac OS Classic too.

One thing to keep in mind when downloading software packages for much older Macintosh computers and system software versions is that while the software itself is often tiny in size (remember when Photoshop was under 1 MB??), getting those software packages onto the older Macs can be a challenge. Often the simplest way is to start an FTP server on the Mac running a modern Mac OS X release and then using an FTP client like Fetch or Archie on the much older Mac to directly download the packages to the older computer.

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That would require some local networking, however, but if the older Macintosh is directly connected to the internet already they could always just download the package files directly too. And of course the other option is to use physical media, whether it’s an SD card, CD / DVD, an external hard drive with an appropriate adapter, or floppy disks, that’s up to you.

Mac Os Versions

Do you know of any other helpful resources for finding and downloading old Mac software? Share your own experiences, favorite links, and retro Mac software ideas and resources in the comments below!